数字藏经洞

论语卷第八 -正

名称

论语卷第八

编号

P.3745

年代

待更新

材质

墨繪紙本

语言

中文

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法国国家图书馆

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简述

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*以下文本内容由DeepSeek与腾讯混元生成，仅供参考。

Confucius discussed with his disciples the Ji family's attack on Zhuanyu. Ji family (a powerful minister of the State of Lu) wanted to annex Zhuanyu (a small vassal state of Lu), and his disciples Yan You and Zilu reported the matter to Confucius. Confucius criticized Ji's greed and believed that Zhuanyu was a vassal state under the late king of the Zhou Dynasty and was located in the territory of the State of Lu. He should have been protected and not attacked. He quoted Zhou Ren as saying that those in power should fulfill their duties and pointed out that Ji's actions would lead to internal divisions. Confucius also proposed that governing the country should focus on fairness and stability, and convince others with virtue rather than force. Finally, he warned his disciples: Gentlemen have three precepts (refrain from sex in young people, refrain from fighting in the prime of life, and refrain from corruption in old age). When making friends, they should choose upright and honest people and avoid flattery and hypocritical people.

###Historical background
1. ** The Ji family and the regime of the State of Lu **: The Ji family was one of the three major aristocrats of the State of Lu (the three Huan families). They had long controlled the government and even held the throne of Lu. This incident reflects the situation in the late Spring and Autumn Period when "etiquette collapsed and music broke down" and officials monopolized power.
2. ** Zhuanyu's status **: Zhuanyu is a vassal state of Fuxi's descendants. He is a vassal of the State of Lu and is responsible for offering sacrifices to Mengshan. Confucius emphasized its legitimacy and opposed Ji's annexation by force.

###Core of Thought
1. ** Governing the country by virtue **: Confucius advocated "cultivating culture and morality", opposed the abuse of force, and believed that rulers should use benevolent governance to make the people submit.
2. ** Everyone is safe and stable **: It is proposed that "don't worry about being small but worrying about inequality; don't worry about poverty but worrying about anxiety", emphasizing that social fairness and stability are more important than wealth.
3. ** Order of Rites **: Adhere to "Rites and Music Expedition originated from the Son of Heaven", criticize Ji's leapfrog power and undermine the Zhou ritual hierarchy.

###Character relationships
- ** You, Zilu **: Confucius's disciple and then a courtier of the Ji family was criticized by Confucius for "dereliction of duty" for failing to dissuade the Ji family.
- ** Zhou Ren **: Confucius quoted ancient historians as saying that "those who cannot do their best should be listed, and those who cannot be stopped" emphasized that those who are officials must fulfill their responsibilities within their capabilities.

###Subsequent impact
This chapter was included in the "Analects of Confucius: Ji's" and became a classic case of Confucian political ethics, reflecting Confucius's criticism of the encroachment of power and his insistence on benevolent governance.

# # Contexte historique
1. Le clan Ji est l'un des trois principaux nobles de l'État Lu (Sanhuan), qui a contrôlé le gouvernement de la dynastie pendant une longue période et a même surmonté Lu Jun. Cet événement reflète la situation de "l'effondrement des cérémonies" et du monopole du médecin à la fin du printemps et de l'automne.
2. * * Statut de l'empereur * * : L'empereur est un descendant de Fuxi, un vassal de l'empereur Lu, responsable du sacrifice de Mengshan. Confucius a souligné sa légitimité et s'est opposé à l'annexion par la force de la dynastie Qi.

# # Idée du cœur
1. * * Gouverner le pays par la vertu * * : Confucius préconisait de « cultiver la moralité depuis », s'opposant à l'abus de la force, croyant que les dirigeants devraient par le gouvernement bienveillant pour amener le peuple à se soumettre.
2. *
3. * * L'ordre du système rituel * * : Insister sur la « marche de la cérémonie et de la musique du ciel », critiquer le dépassement du pouvoir de Ji, détruire le système hiérarchique de Zhou Li.

* * Relations personnelles
- * * Ran You, Zi Lu * * : disciple de Confucius, alors le vassal de Ji, a été critiqué par Confucius pour avoir échoué à dissuader Ji de « manquer de devoir ».
- * * Zhou Ren * * : ancien officier historique, Confucius a cité son « Chen Li sur la liste, ne peut pas arrêter » soulignant que les fonctionnaires doivent faire leurs efforts et leurs responsabilités.

# # # Effets de suivi
Ce chapitre a été inclus dans les Analectes de Confucius et est devenu un cas classique de l'éthique politique confucéenne, reflétant la critique de Confucius de l'abus du pouvoir et de l'insistance sur le gouvernement bienveillant.

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